53–8, and my Defoe’s Art of Fiction (University of Toronto Press, 1979), pp. 126–7.

2. See The Weekly Journal (5 April 1719), reprinted in William Lee, Daniel Defoe: His Life and Recently Discovered Writings (1869), II, 32; and The Fears of the Pretender Turn’d into the Fears of Debauchery (1715), esp. pp. 31–4.

3. Early in January 1724, only six weeks before Roxana was published, the Bishop of London preached a sermon against masquerades, which brought forth a retort in verse from John James Heidegger, their chief organizer and, by royal appointment, Master of the Revels.

4. e.g., Mary Astell, Aphra Behn, Lady Chudleigh, and Hannah Wooley.

5. See Conjugal Lewdness (1727), especially pp. 101–3.

6. The Family Instructor, In Three Parts (1715); The Family Instructor, In Two Parts (1718); Religious Courtship (1722); The Great Law of Subordination Consider’d (1724); Conjugal Lewdness (1727); A New Family Instructor (1727).

7. See Two Discourses Concerning the Souls of Brutes (1683), pp. 201–2; and Michael V. DePorte, Nightmares and Hobbyhorses (The Huntington Library, 1974), p. 7.

A NOTE ON THE TEXT

This edition has been prepared from a copy preserved in the McMaster University Library of the first edition (1724), the only one printed during Defoe’s life. The long ‘s’ has been eliminated and a few obvious errors of the press, such as transposed or omitted letters, corrected. I have not, however, attempted to bring the text into conformity with modern usage by altering the spelling, punctuation, capitalization, or italicization, preferring to retain as much of the texture of Defoe’s prose as possible. The long sentences, punctuated casually, more often for rhetorical emphasis than for syntactical clarity, and the verbal inconsistencies, such as the sudden switches from the past to the present tense (and vice versa), are highly appropriate to Roxana’s discursive, sometimes agitated, recollection of her life. In a few cases where punctuation or misspelling (e.g., Quaerk for Quaker) might confuse the reader, I have silently adjusted the text. And I have occasionally supplied a missing word in brackets (pp. 163, 208, 277, 288, 299 and 363) where the text appears deficient.

A CHRONOLOGY OF DANIEL DEFOE

1660

Born in London, son of James Foe, a tallow-chandler.

1662

The Act of Uniformity. The Foe family left the Church of England to become Presbyterian dissenters.

1665–6

The Plague and the Great Fire of London.

c. 1671–9

Attended the Rev. James Fisher’s school at Dorking, Surrey, and then the Rev. Charles Morton’s dissenting academy at Newington Green (north of London) to prepare for the Presbyterian ministry.

c. 1682

Decided not to become a Presbyterian minister.

c. 1683

Became a hosiery merchant in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange.

1684

Married Mary Tuffley; received a dowry of £3,700.

1685

Fought (briefly) in the Duke of Mon-mouth’s Rebellion.

1685–92

Well-established as a merchant dealing in hosiery, wine, tobacco, and other goods; travelled widely in England and on the Continent (probably in France, Holland, Spain, and Italy).

1688

Published his first extant political tract (against James II); supported the ‘Glorious’ Revolution of 1688; and joined the forces of William of Orange en route to London.

1692

First bankruptcy, for £17,000

1695

Began to call himself De Foe.

1697–1701

Agent for William III in England and Scotland.

1701

Published his first important work, a best-selling poem, The True-Born Englishman.

1702

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, a satire on High-Church extremism.

1703

Arrested for The Shortest Way; committed to Newgate and made to stand in the pillory. Consequent failure of his brick and tile factory. Released through the intervention of Robert Harley, the moderate Tory minister.

1703–14

Served as secret agent and political journalist for Harley and other ministers; travelled in England and Scotland, actively promoting the union of the two countries.

1703–13

Wrote The Review, a pro-government newspaper appearing as often as three times a week.

1707

The Union of England and Scotland.

1713–14

Arrested several times for debt and for political writings, but released on each occasion through government influence.

1714

Accession of George I; fall of Harley. Defoe served Whig ministries until 1730.

1715

The Family Instructor, the first of Defoe’s conduct books.

1719

Robinson Crusoe.

1720

Captain Singleton:

1722

Moll Flanders; Religious Courtship; A Journal of the Plague Year; and Colonel Jack.

1724

The Fortunate Mistress [Roxana]; the first volume of A Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (second and third volumes in 1725 and 1726).

1725

The Complete English Tradesman (second volume, 1727).

1726

The Political History of the Devil.

1727

Conjugal Lewdness; and An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions.

1729

Wrote The Compleat English Gentleman (published in 1890).

1731

Died 24 April, and buried in the dissenters’ burial grounds, Bunhill Fields, London.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CRITICAL STUDIES

Books

Works with significant discussions of Roxana are indicated by an asterisk.

*Paul Alkon, Defoe and Fictional Time, Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press, 1979.

*David Blewett, Defoe’s Art of Fiction, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1979.

Alan Dugald McKillop, The Early Masters of English Fiction, Laurence, Kansas, University of Kansas Press, 1968.

*Maximillian E. Novak, Economics and the Fiction of Daniel Defoe, Berkeley-and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1962; * Defoe and the Nature of Man, London, Oxford University Press, 1963.

*John J. Richetti, Defoe’s Narratives: Situations and Structures, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975.

*G. A. Starr, Defoe and Spiritual Autobiography, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1965; * Defoe and Casuistry, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1971.

*James Sutherland, Daniel Defoe: A Critical Study, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1971.

Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin Books, 1963 (first published 1957).

*Everett Zimmerman, Defoe and the Novel, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975.

Articles

Benjamin Boyce, ‘The Question of Emotion in Defoe’, Studies in Philology, 50 (1953), 45–58.

Terry J. Castle, ‘“Amy, Who Knew My Disease”: A Psychosexual Pattern in Defoe’s Roxana’, ELH, 46 (1979), 81–96.

Robert D. Hume, ‘The Conclusion of Defoe’s Roxana: Fiasco or Tour de Force?’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 3 (1970), 475–9O.

Wallace Jackson, ‘Roxana and the Development of Defoe’s Fiction’, Studies in the Novel, 7 (1975), 181–94.

Ralph E. Jenkins, ‘The Structure of Roxana’, Studies in the Novel, 2 (1970), 145-58.

Maximillian E.