The statement is quoted from [S. Winkworth (ed.)], Letters and Memorials of Catherine Winkworth, Clifton, 1883, vol. 11, p. 297.

15 Chapple and Pollard (eds.), Letters, p. 611.

16 Chapple and Pollard (eds.), Letters, p. 691.

17 Chapple and Pollard (eds.), Letters, p. 692.

18 J. G. Sharps, Mrs Gaskell's Observation and Invention, Linden Press, Fontwell, Sussex, 1970, pp. 383–4.

19 See n. 4 to Chapter III (p. 459).

20 See Appendix 1, ‘Whaling’ (p. 479).

21 ‘Dover Beach' was probably written in 1851, but it was not published until 1867, so there could be no direct echo of the poem here. But as Jenny Uglow points out (Elizabeth Gaskell: a Habit of Stories, Faber & Faber, London, 1993), letters from Arnold in the John Rylands Library, Manchester, show that he sent her early drafts of some of his poems (p. 667).

22 Quoted in Ward (ed.), The Works of Mrs Gaskell, vol. VI, p. xii.

FURTHER READING

EDITIONS

The earliest collected edition of Gaskell's works was published by Smith, Elder as Novels and Tales of Mrs Gaskell in 1872–3, reissued several times up to 1897. The first complete edition, however, was The Works of Mrs Gaskell (8 vols., Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1906), edited and with an introduction to each volume by A. W. Ward (the Knutsford Edition). This was followed by The Novels and Tales of Mrs Gaskell (11 vols., Oxford University Press, London, New York and Toronto, 1906–19) edited by Clement Shorter (World's Classics series).

Notable individual editions of Sylvia's Lovers include that prefaced by Thomas Seccombe (G. Bell & Sons, London, 1910); the first Everyman edition, introduced by Mrs Ellis Chadwick (J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1911); and the later Everyman edition of 1965, introduced by Arthur Pollard. The most recent editions are those issued by World's Classics, edited by Andrew Sanders (Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982, reissued 1999), and by Everyman, edited by Nancy Henry.

BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM

The most extensive primary source of biographical information about Gaskell is to be found in J. A. V. Chapple's and Arthur Pollard's edition of The Letters of Mrs Gaskell (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1966), invaluably supplemented by Further Letters of Mrs Gaskell, edited by John Chapple and Alan Shelston (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2000). Other sources, with helpful introductions, are Jane Whitehill's Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton (Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim & New York, 1973) and J. A.