45 4 liuely: lifelike. 45 5 weaker sence: i.e., physical senses. 45 6 maker selfe: i.e., Archimago.

45 9 Vna: Una,’ one’, is not named until the duplicate, false image has been created.

46 1 ydle: baseless, insubstantial. 46 4 fantasy: imagination.

46 5 In sort as: as.

47 7 Then seemed him: then it seemed to him. 47 8 false winged boy: Cupid.

47 9 Dame pleasures toy: love-making.

48 2 Venus: not the Venus of the Proem (the Venus of’faithfull loues’), but the Venus of lechery.

48 7 Graces: the three Graces, daughters of Jove and Eurynome, handmaids of Venus. Aglaia (Greek: ‘bright’), Euphrosyne (Greek:’ good cheer’), Thalia (Greek: ‘festive”). See II.3.25 and VI.10.9 ff 48 8 Hymen id Hymen: retrain from Greek hymn to wedded love, therefore ironic in context.

48 9 Flora: goddess of spring and flowers, but identified as a harlot by E. K. in his gloss to ‘Marche’ 16, The Shepheardes Calender.

49 6 bayted hooke: see note to I.4.25.9.

51 4 blind God: Cupid.

52 3 bereaue: rob.

53 1 deare: dire.

53 5 redoubted: reverenced, dreaded, feared, but with a pun on ‘doubtful’.

54 3 hold me: i.e., consider myself.

55 2 light: wanton.

55 8 he: i.e., Archimago.

CANTO 2

1 1 Northerne wagoner: the constellation BoStes (Greek: ‘waggoner’). M. Y. Hughes (MLN 63, 1948, 543) points out that Boethius uses the same configuration of stars in the Consolation of Philosophy, Book 4, Metre 6. Spenser may want us to be aware of the magnificent assertion of Providence in Boethius’s hymn. See Fowler, Spenser and the Numbers of Time, p. 71, and Nohrnberg, Analogy of The Faerie Queene, pp. 37-8. Cf. I.3.1

1 2 seuenfold teme: seven bright stars in Ursa Major, called the Big Dipper(USA), The Plough or Charles’s Wain (UK). stedfast starre: the North star.

I 6 Chauntidere: the cock.

1 7 Phoebus fiery carre: the sun, imaged as a fiery chariot driven by Apollo.

2 7 Proserpines: queen of hell.

3 3 seeming body: the false body given to the spirit by Archimago.

6 6 Hesperus: name for planet Venus when it appears as evening star. Venus is also the morning star.

7 2 Tithones: husband of Aurora, goddess of dawn, granted immortality but not eternal youth, and hence eternally ageing.

7 4 Titan: the sun.

9 4 Th’end of his drift: i.e., the purpose of his plan.

10 4 Proteus: a sea-god who could change himself into any shape. See Od. 4.456–8and Virgil, Georgics 4.387-95, 406-10.

11 1 the person to put on: i.e. to disguise himself as Redcross. 11 6 bounch of haires discolourd: many-coloured plume.

11 7 Cf. L1.1.8.

11 9 Saint George: Redcross, who is revealed as Saint George, the patron saint of England in the next stanza and in I.10.61, here imitated by Archimago.

12 6 Sarazin: Saracen, a pagan or infidel. arm’d to point: fully armed. 12 7 gay: bright.

12 8 Sansfoy: ‘Faithless’ (French: sansfot).

13 iff Duessa here makes her initial appearance as the Scarlet Whore of Babylon, associated by Protestant commentators with the faithless religion of Rome, Rev. 17.3-4: ‘And I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet-coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, which had seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet, and gilded with gold, and precious stones and pearls, and had a cup of gold in her hand, full of abominations and ulthiness of her fornication.’ Her full identity is revealed in I.7.16 ff.

13 4 Persian mitre: Persia, always associated with opulent, false show is here associated with the falsity oi Roman Catholicism, represented by the mitre, a bishop’s hat.

13 5 owches: brooches.

13 8 tinsell: gaudy.

13 9 bosses: studs.

14 1 disport: entertainment, pleasures.

I5 5 daunted: overcome.

15 9 rebut: recoil.

16 3 fronts: foreheads (Latin:fions).

16 6 hanging: undecided.

17 4 others: the other’s.

17 5 spies: glances? weapons?

18 2 bitter fit: i.e., death.

18 9 blame: harm. blest: preserved, protected.

19 2 natiue vertue: power or natural strength.