Macfie, The Individual in Society (Allen and Unwin, 1967); T. D. Campbell, Adam Smith’s Science of Morals (Allen and Unwin, 1971); and Raphael, The Impartial Spectator (Oxford, 2007). Smith’s theory of moral judgment is examined in Samuel Fleischacker, A Third Concept of Liberty (Princeton, 1999); his theory of the emergence of norms through sympathy and exchange is examined in James Otteson, Adam Smith’s Marketplace of Life (Cambridge, 2002). The context of Smith’s moral and political thought is considered in Donald Winch, Adam Smith’s Politics (Cambridge, 1978); and Leonidas Montes, Adam Smith in Context (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

Treatments of specific aspects of Smith’s moral philosophy also abound. The link between his rhetoric and his ethics is examined in Vivienne Brown, Adam Smith’s Discourse (Routledge, 1994); and Stephen J. McKenna, Adam Smith: The Rhetoric of Propriety (SUNY Press, 2006); the connection between his natural jurisprudence and his ethics is examined in Knud Haakonssen, The Science of a Legislator (Cambridge, 1981). Craig Smith examines the place of spontaneous order in Adam Smith’s Political Philosophy (Routledge, 2005). The role of teleology in Smith is examined in James E. Alvey, Adam Smith: Optimist or Pessimist? (Ashgate, 2003). Smith’s relationship to Rousseau is treated in Ignatieff, The Needs of Strangers (Picador, 1984); Pierre Force, Self-Interest Before Adam Smith (Cambridge, 2003); and Dennis Rasmussen, The Problems and Promise of Commercial Society (Penn State, 2008). Smith’s debts to the ancients are the focus of Gloria Vivenza, Adam Smith and the Classics (Oxford, 2001). Smith’s theory of virtue is examined in Ryan Patrick Hanley, Adam Smith and the Character of Virtue (Cambridge, 2009), and his theory of cosmopolitanism is examined in Fonna Forman-Barzilai, Adam Smith and the Circles of Sympathy (Cambridge, forthcoming).

The literature on Smith’s economic thought is massive, but several studies are of particular interest to readers of The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Important connections between Smith’s ethics and his economic ideas are examined in Fleischacker, On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (Princeton, 2004); Jerry Evensky, Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy (Cambridge, 2005); Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments (Harvard, 2001); Winch, Riches and Poverty (Cambridge, 1996) and Richard F. Teichgraeber, “Free Trade” and Moral Philosophy (Duke, 1986). Studies of the moral implications of Smith’s economic ideas include Patricia Werhane, Adam Smith and His Legacy for Modern Capitalism (Oxford, 1991) and Spencer J. Pack, Capitalism as a Moral System (Elgar, 1991).

Helpful collections of essays include Skinner and Wilson, eds., Essays on Adam Smith (Oxford, 1975); Montes and Schliesser, eds., New Voices on Adam Smith (Routledge, 2006); and Haakonssen, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith (Cambridge, 2006). Many key essays have also been republished in John C. Wood, ed., Adam Smith: Critical Assessments, 7 vols. (Routledge, 1983); and Haakonssen, ed., Adam Smith (Ashgate, 1998). The Adam Smith Review of the International Adam Smith Society provides a forum for new scholarship.

RYAN PATRICK HANLEY

A Note on the Text

The Theory of Moral Sentiments was first published in 1759. It was subsequently revised with great care and republished in five additional editions in Smith’s lifetime. The version published here is that of the sixth edition, which appeared in 1790, months before Smith’s death.

The standard scholarly edition of Smith’s works is the Glasgow Edition, published in hardcover by Oxford University Press and in paperback by the Liberty Fund. The Glasgow Edition includes Smith’s Wealth of Nations, as well as student transcriptions of his lectures on jurisprudence and rhetoric, his philosophical essays, and his correspondence. Its edition of TMS, prepared by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, is especially valuable for having established a critical edition of the text and for its inclusion of a comprehensive textual apparatus detailing variations across editions. In an effort to present the most accurate text possible, the construction of the present edition included a thorough comparison of its text to the Glasgow Edition and to the 1790 original.