James visits her often as an infant and toddler.
1836
| Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes his essay “Nature,” setting forth the main principles of Transcendentalism. |
1837
| William Dean Howells is born; he will be James’s colleague, an important editor, and a founder of American “realism.” |
1840
| Henry James, Sr., marries Mary Robertson Walsh of New York City. |
1842
| William, the eldest child of Henry, Sr., and Mary James, is born. |
1843
| On April 15, Henry James, Jr., is born at 21 Washington Place, in New York City, around the corner from his grandmother. In October the James family relocates to Europe. |
1844
| The family returns to New York City. |
1845
| Henry’s brother Garth Wilkinson (“Wilky”) James is born. |
1846
| Another brother, Robertson (“Bob”) James, is born. |
1848
| Alice James is born. |
1849
| The social circle Henry, Sr., inhabits comprises philosophers and writers, including Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Henry, Jr., is educated privately in the United States and Europe. His exposure to the Old World during his formative years establishes in him a lifelong preference for Europe over America. |
1853
| The New York City Commission pays $5,000,000 for land that will become Central Park, a vast public recreation space in the European style. The first portion of the park will open in 1858; it will be complete some sixteen years hence. |
1857
| The Atlantic Monthly is founded by Moses Dresser Phillips and Francis H. Underwood. Early contributors include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell (the magazine’s first editor), and Oliver Wendell Holmes. In coming years Henry James, Jr., will be a frequent contributor. |
1859
| In October Henry, Sr., takes his family to Geneva. |
1860
| The family returns to America in September and settles in Newport, Rhode Island. |
1861
| The American Civil War begins. |
1862
| Henry James, Jr., enrolls at Harvard Law School but drops out after a year to pursue a writing career. He becomes friendly with writer William Dean Howells. |
1864
| In February James publishes his first piece of fiction, the story “A Tragedy of Error,” in the Continental Monthly. Nathaniel Hawthorne dies. |
1865
| James begins to write reviews for the Nation, a new liberal weekly. The American Civil War ends. |
1866
| The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable links Europe and America, vastly increasing the speed of information transmittal. |
1869
| In England James meets George Eliot and writes reviews of her works, including Romola, Middlemarch, and Daniel Deronda, which are published in the Atlantic Monthly and |
| the Galaxy, a literary journal. Mark Twain publishes the best-selling travel book The Innocents Abroad, based on letters he had written while journeying by steamship to Europe and the Holy Land; it treats hallowed Old World landmarks with irreverence and parodies the manners and mores of Europeans and Americans. |
1870
| James’s cousin Mary (“Minny”) Temple dies in March, and the author, devastated, moves back to New York. His social opportunities are abundant; he spends time at Emerson’s house in Concord, Massachusetts, and meets Henry Adams, who has just been appointed editor of the North American Review. The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. |
1871
| James publishes his first novel, Watch and Ward, in installments in the Atlantic; it introduces what will be a prominent Jamesian theme: the development of a young girl into womanhood. |
1872
| Assigned to write a travel series for the Nation, James sails to Liverpool and spends time in Europe. Susan B. Anthony casts a vote in the presidential election in Rochester, New York, and is arrested. |
1873
| Financial panic grips New York with the failure of Jay Cooke and Company, the nation’s preeminent investment bank. After a ten-year economic boom, the United States enters its worst depression to date, although New York continues its prodigious growth. |
1875
| James publishes in the Atlantic Monthly the novel Roderick Hudson, about an American sculptor in Rome and his struggle to reconcile art and passion. During his early period (also called his international period), he compares the people and cultures of the United States and Europe, focusing especially on the differences. While living in Paris, James associates with the writers Gustave Flaubert and Emile Zola, as well as Russian expatriate authors, including the novelist Ivan Turgenev. He works on his novel The American, about a self-made American millionaire who tries to marry the daughter of French aristocrats. |
1876
| Roderick Hudson is published in book form. Impatient with |
1877 | The American is published in book form. James is friendly with Alfred Tennyson, William Gladstone, and Robert Browning. While in Rome, James hears about an American “child of nature and of freedom” who consorted with a “good-looking Roman, of vague identity.” James is immediately inspired to turn this story into a novel, Daisy Miller.
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1878 | James publishes the short novel The Europeans. The Macmillan Publishing Company of London asks him to write a biography of either Washington Irving or Nathaniel Hawthorne. |
1879 | James publishes Daisy Miller, about a young American woman in Rome, in book form. He signs a contract for the British copyright on Hawthorne, which is published in the English Men of Letters series in London. |
1880- 1881 | The focus of James’s writing shifts to social and psychological drama. Washington Square is serialized in Cornhill Magazine and Harper’s (1880) and released in book form (1881); the novel concerns a young American woman whose father rejects the man she wants to marry. The
Portrait of a Lady is serialized in Macmillan’s Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly (1880-1881), and in book form (1881); this brilliant novel depicts a young American woman who out of a kind of generosity marries the wrong man. James vows “never again to return” to New York, in a fit of disdain over the way the city’s “oppressive” economic growth has lowered the quality of life. |
1882 | James travels to Washington, D.C., where he briefly meets Oscar Wilde. |
1886 | James publishes the first novels of his middle period: The Bostonians, the story of a struggle between a southern conservative and an embittered suffragist, and The Princess Casamassima, an exploration of the personal dangers involved in taking up anarchism and revolution. |
1888 | James publishes the short novel The Aspern Papers, about a man who woos the custodian of letters by a poet he idolizes. |
1889 | Psychologically and financially depressed by the failure of The Bostonians, James shifts his focus to playwriting for the next six years. |
| Casamassima, an exploration of the personal dangers involved in taking anarchism and revolution. |
1888 | up James publishes the short novel The Aspern Papers, about a man who woos the custodian of letters by a poet he idolizes. |
1889 | Psychologically and financially depressed by the failure of The Bostonians, James shifts his focus to playwriting for the next six years. |
1890 | He publishes The Tragic Muse, about art and theater in London and Paris. His brother William publishes his groundbreaking and influential Principles of Psychology, in which pragmatism and “radical empiricism” are key elements. |
1891 | James’s dramatization of The American fares moderately well. |
1892 | After a life beset by illness, Alice James dies in England, with Henry at her side. |
1895 | James’s first dramatic work written as such, Guy Domville, is booed by the opening-night audience and receives mostly negative reviews, though George Bernard Shaw praises it. After little success with playwriting, James returns to writing fiction. The United States increases its involvement in a conflict between Spain and Cuba, which wants independence from Spanish rule. James opposes this involvement, calling it “none of our business.” |
1897 | He publishes What Maisie Knew, the story of a preadolescent girl who must chose between her parents and a governess. |
1898 | James publishes the ghost story The Turn of the Screw. He purchases Lamb House, in Rye, England, where he will write his last novels and letters.
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