P. E. Carret (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972).

Artificial Paradises; on Hashish and Wine as Means of Expanding Individuality, trans. Ellen Fox (New York: Herder & Herder, 1971); ‘Artificial Paradises’ in Hashish, Wine, Opium, ed. and trans. M. Strong (London: Calder & Boyars, 1972).

Baudelaire as Literary Critic: Selected Essays, trans. Lois Boe Hyslop (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1964).

‘The Essence of Laughter’ and Other Essays, ed. Peter Quennell (New York: Meridian Books, 1956).

BIOGRAPHY

There are several biographies; much the best is Claude Pichois and Jean Ziegler, Baudelaire, trans. Graham Robb (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989).

CRITICAL WRITINGS

There is an abundant critical literature in English on Baudelaire and The Flowers of Evil. The following are recommended.

Arac, Jonathan, ‘Charles Baudelaire and Emily Dickinson’, Critical Genealogies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987). A surprising and revealing comparison.

Benjamin, Walter, Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism (London: New Left Books, 1973). Extremely influential.

Bersani, Leo, Baudelaire and Freud (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). A brilliant, resourceful reading focused especially on the love poetry.

Bloom, Harold, ed., Charles Baudelaire (New York: Chelsea House, 1987). A selection of valuable essays on the poet.

Burton, Richard, Baudelaire in 1859 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Studies Baudelaire’s most creative period.

Butor, Michel, Histoire Extraordinaire: Essay on a Dream of Baudelaire’s, trans. Richard Howard (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969). A splendid reading of The Flowers of Evil, which takes a dream as a point of departure and means of integration.

De Man, Paul, ‘Anthropomorphism and Trope in the Lyric’, The Rhetoric of Romanticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). A challenging discussion of ‘Correspondences’ and of the problem of the lyric.

Eliot, T. S., ‘Baudelaire’, Selected Essays (London: Faber, 1972). A short essay on the importance of Baudelaire and his poetry.

Houston, John Porter, The Demonic Imagination: Style and Theme in French Romantic Poetry (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969). Excellent chapter on Baudelaire as a late Romantic.

Leakey, F. W., Baudelaire and Nature (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). A study of key themes.

—— Baudelaire: Collected Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University-Press, 1990). Efficient scholarly essays on a range of topics.

Mossop, D. J., Baudelaire’s Tragic Hero (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961). Seeks to elucidate Les Fleurs du Mal as a story with a plot.

Peyre, Henri, ed., Baudelaire, 20th Century Views (New York: Prentice Hall, 1957). Includes classic essays by Marcel Proust, T. S. Eliot, Erich Auerbach, and others.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, Baudelaire, trans.